Animals: Chordates
Lower Chordates
Characteristics
Lab Results
Analysis
1. Similar: have all characteristics of a chordate some point in their life,
Difference: amphioxous shows all characteristics during adult stage, tunicate adults only have gill slits, tunicates show all characteristics as a larva
2. They have all four characteristics of a chordate during their adult stage
3. Larva: motile, used for species dispersal, 1-2 day period of motility, all characteristics of a chordate
Adult: sessile, filter feeder, no resemblance to a chordate, only have gill slits
4. They have three characteristics of chordates, but still lack a true notochord
Difference: amphioxous shows all characteristics during adult stage, tunicate adults only have gill slits, tunicates show all characteristics as a larva
2. They have all four characteristics of a chordate during their adult stage
3. Larva: motile, used for species dispersal, 1-2 day period of motility, all characteristics of a chordate
Adult: sessile, filter feeder, no resemblance to a chordate, only have gill slits
4. They have three characteristics of chordates, but still lack a true notochord
Chordates
Class Osteichthyes- The Fishys
Characteristics
-Notochord, dorsal rod of cartilage used for support along body axis
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord
-Pharyngeal gill slits
-Muscular, post anal tail
-Endoskeleton of bone or cartilage which surround the dorsal nerve cord (a backbone or vertebral column)
-Notochord absent or reduced in adult
-Pronounced cephalization
-Closed circulatory system
-Two chambered heart
-External fertilization
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord
-Pharyngeal gill slits
-Muscular, post anal tail
-Endoskeleton of bone or cartilage which surround the dorsal nerve cord (a backbone or vertebral column)
-Notochord absent or reduced in adult
-Pronounced cephalization
-Closed circulatory system
-Two chambered heart
-External fertilization
Perch Dissection Results
Class Amphibia
Characteristics
-Notochord, dorsal rod of cartilage used for support along body axis
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord -Pharyngeal gill slits -Muscular, post anal tail -Still quite tied to water -External fertilization -Crude sac-like lungs that branch off the pharynx -Larva still use gills -Three chambered hearts -Appendages come off side of body ("body draggers") -Increased brain size and improved senses |
Frog Dissection Results
Analysis
1. Protects the frog's eyes and keeps moist
2. Used to hold the prey in its mouth
3. Frog catches its food with its long tongue, food then travels through the esophagus, to the stomach, to the small intestine for nutrient absorption, to the large intestine, and out the cloaca
4. Deoxygenated blood goes through the right atrium where it mixes with oxygenated blood from the ventricle. It then travels to the lungs. The blood is oxygenated within the lungs, and then returns to the left ventricle in the heart where it mixes once again. Then, it travels to the body where it becomes deoxygenated and finally goes back to the right atrium
5. 50% of respiration comes from the lungs, the other 50% comes from the skin via diffusion. The air travels through the nares into the trachea, into the bronchi, then into the crude lungs where gas exchange occurs
6. The sperm travels from the testes to the ureters then to the cloaca for fertilization. The eggs travel from the ovaries to the oviducts, then the uterus and to the cloaca where it is released
7. Blood enters the kidneys where the metabolic waste is filtered out. The waste then travels down the ureters to the bladder where it is stored, then it exits via the cloacal opening
8. The nerve cord can be observed via the abdominal cavity. The nerve cord connects to the smaller spinal nerves that can be observed in the hind legs
9. The frog would lose its ability to use the muscles in its hind legs. The brain could no longer send a message through the nerves to the legs in order to use them
10. The main purpose of the fat bodies is to store fat for energy during hibernation. They are also used by females to create good eggs and by both sexes for better floatation in water
11. In water the strong hind legs help the frog swim to either catch food or escape predators. On land the powerful legs are used to jump away from predators and jump towards prey
12. The higher amount of eggs and sperm result in a higher chance of fertilization which results in survival. The water also carries eggs to other locations so they can be fertilized by different sperm from different males which results in more species diversity
2. Used to hold the prey in its mouth
3. Frog catches its food with its long tongue, food then travels through the esophagus, to the stomach, to the small intestine for nutrient absorption, to the large intestine, and out the cloaca
4. Deoxygenated blood goes through the right atrium where it mixes with oxygenated blood from the ventricle. It then travels to the lungs. The blood is oxygenated within the lungs, and then returns to the left ventricle in the heart where it mixes once again. Then, it travels to the body where it becomes deoxygenated and finally goes back to the right atrium
5. 50% of respiration comes from the lungs, the other 50% comes from the skin via diffusion. The air travels through the nares into the trachea, into the bronchi, then into the crude lungs where gas exchange occurs
6. The sperm travels from the testes to the ureters then to the cloaca for fertilization. The eggs travel from the ovaries to the oviducts, then the uterus and to the cloaca where it is released
7. Blood enters the kidneys where the metabolic waste is filtered out. The waste then travels down the ureters to the bladder where it is stored, then it exits via the cloacal opening
8. The nerve cord can be observed via the abdominal cavity. The nerve cord connects to the smaller spinal nerves that can be observed in the hind legs
9. The frog would lose its ability to use the muscles in its hind legs. The brain could no longer send a message through the nerves to the legs in order to use them
10. The main purpose of the fat bodies is to store fat for energy during hibernation. They are also used by females to create good eggs and by both sexes for better floatation in water
11. In water the strong hind legs help the frog swim to either catch food or escape predators. On land the powerful legs are used to jump away from predators and jump towards prey
12. The higher amount of eggs and sperm result in a higher chance of fertilization which results in survival. The water also carries eggs to other locations so they can be fertilized by different sperm from different males which results in more species diversity
Class Reptilia
Characteristics
-Notochord, dorsal rod of cartilage used for support along body axis
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord -Pharyngeal gill slits -Muscular, post anal tail -Amniotic egg (a leathery shell) -Internal fertilization -Scales or plates -Legs found in 2 pairs with claws, on ventral surface -Well developed lungs -Partial division of ventricle -Exothermic (external conditions determine body temperature) |
Class Aves
Characteristics
-Notochord, dorsal rod of cartilage used for support along body axis
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord -Pharyngeal gill slits -Muscular, post anal tail -Three body regions: head, trunk, tail -Lightweight bones -Air sacs to help with oxygen intake -No teeth -Endothermic (they can retain a constant body temperature regardless of external conditions) -Four chambered heart -Feathers -Amniotic egg (a calcified shell) -Uric acid excretion |
Chick Embryo Drawings
Class Mammalia
Characteristics
-Notochord, dorsal rod of cartilage used for support along body axis
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord -Pharyngeal gill slits -Muscular, post anal tail -Four chambered heart -Hair or fur -Diaphragm for breathing -Amniotic egg -Mammary glands for nursing young -Post natal care -High learning and reasoning capabilities |
Rat Dissection Results
Analysis
1. Sphincters are cylindrical muscles that open and close body parts. They are circular or cylindrical in shape in order to regulate the passage of matter or waste
2. The small intestine is used for digestion and absorption of nutrients, and the large intestine is used for the absorption of water and also the compacting of waste. The reason the small intestine is considerably smaller in diameter is because digested food is much easier to pass through, the larger intestine must transport much larger matter
3. The liver detoxifies materials, secretes bile, and creates important proteins used for blood clotting
4. Provides a protective barrier and secretes fluid to provide a slippery surface so that nothing will become dangerously tangled or attached
5. Filters blood, creates new blood cells, and stores platelets
6. Separates the thoracic cavity and helps to pull air in/out of the lungs
7. Atria are the hearts upper chambers and the ventricles make up the lower chambers
8. The left ventricle must pump blood to the entire body and the right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs
9. Both have gonads (testes/ovaries) and produce gametes (sperm/egg)
10. Extract wastes from the blood
2. The small intestine is used for digestion and absorption of nutrients, and the large intestine is used for the absorption of water and also the compacting of waste. The reason the small intestine is considerably smaller in diameter is because digested food is much easier to pass through, the larger intestine must transport much larger matter
3. The liver detoxifies materials, secretes bile, and creates important proteins used for blood clotting
4. Provides a protective barrier and secretes fluid to provide a slippery surface so that nothing will become dangerously tangled or attached
5. Filters blood, creates new blood cells, and stores platelets
6. Separates the thoracic cavity and helps to pull air in/out of the lungs
7. Atria are the hearts upper chambers and the ventricles make up the lower chambers
8. The left ventricle must pump blood to the entire body and the right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs
9. Both have gonads (testes/ovaries) and produce gametes (sperm/egg)
10. Extract wastes from the blood