Animals: Lower Invertebrates
Porifera
Characteristics
-Have specialized cells, but they don't work together (not tissues)
-Have spicules (glass-like) or spongin (collagen-like) between cell layers for support -Filter feed for nutrition (ostrum and osculum) -Asexually reproduce via gemmules in good conditions -Sexually reproduce via internal fertilization in poor conditions, choanocytes become sperm and amoebocytes become eggs -Water needed for respiration, circulation, and excretion |
Lab results
Analysis
1. Seawater is pumped continuously through a sponge by the beating activity of flagella on choanocytes/collar cells that line the inside of the sponge. Collar cells snatch up food particles, the amoebocyte will then digest and distribute nutrients. Water is drawn into the sponge through the ostrum located on the sides of the sponge and is released from the osculum at the top of the sponge
2. Water is required for obtaining nutrients (filter feeding), reproduction, respiration, circulation, and excretion in sponges
3. Sponges can reproduce asexually via gemmules in great conditions. Sponges can also reproduce sexually by internal fertilization in poor conditions. The collar cells become sperm and the amoebocyte becomes the egg
4. Sponges have spicules (glass-like support structures) between their cell layers for support or a collagen material called spongin
2. Water is required for obtaining nutrients (filter feeding), reproduction, respiration, circulation, and excretion in sponges
3. Sponges can reproduce asexually via gemmules in great conditions. Sponges can also reproduce sexually by internal fertilization in poor conditions. The collar cells become sperm and the amoebocyte becomes the egg
4. Sponges have spicules (glass-like support structures) between their cell layers for support or a collagen material called spongin
Live Organism Results
Cnidaria
Characteristics
Lab Results
Analysis
1. Cnidarians use an alteration of generations life cycle with a polyp and medusa stage. The polyp reproduces asexually by budding and the medusa reproduces sexually by motile gametes (egg and sperm)
2. Cnidocyte is a cell in the cnidarian and the nematocyst is a structure within the cnidocyte that acts like a harpoon to induce the "stinging" of the prey
3. Once a barb is triggered the operculum opens and the nematocyst fires. A long tube connects the nematocyst and pumps venom
4. There are two types of polyps in the obelia life cycle; a feeding polyp and reproductive polyp. The feeding polyp provides nutrients and the reproducing polyp creates offspring by budding. The medusa is motile, it can hunt and reproduce sexually to create offspring with genetic variation. The medusa gametes become polyps and the polyp gametes become medusas
5. Similar: All have tentacles, can sting, reproduce by alteration of generations
Different: Man-O-War is part of class schyphozoa where the medusa stage is dominant, hydra/obelia are part of class hydrozoa where the polyp stage is dominant
2. Cnidocyte is a cell in the cnidarian and the nematocyst is a structure within the cnidocyte that acts like a harpoon to induce the "stinging" of the prey
3. Once a barb is triggered the operculum opens and the nematocyst fires. A long tube connects the nematocyst and pumps venom
4. There are two types of polyps in the obelia life cycle; a feeding polyp and reproductive polyp. The feeding polyp provides nutrients and the reproducing polyp creates offspring by budding. The medusa is motile, it can hunt and reproduce sexually to create offspring with genetic variation. The medusa gametes become polyps and the polyp gametes become medusas
5. Similar: All have tentacles, can sting, reproduce by alteration of generations
Different: Man-O-War is part of class schyphozoa where the medusa stage is dominant, hydra/obelia are part of class hydrozoa where the polyp stage is dominant
Platyhelminthes
Characteristics
-Bilateral symmetry
-Triploblastic (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) -No body cavity (solid mesoderm) -Incomplete digestive system with a gastrovascular cavity -Excretory system made of flame cells and pores -Nerve ladder type nervous system -Mostly sexual reproduction but powers of asexual regeneration -Cephalization begins with a "brain" and sense organs appearing anteriorly in a head -Hermaphroditic |
Lab Results
Analysis
1. The tapeworms body is very, very thin and it coils and folds up allowing it to fit within the human intestine
2. The hooks and suckers on the tapeworm allow it to tightly attach to its host in order to absorb nutrients and stay locked in place
3. Similar: Part of the Platyhelminthes phylum, have nerve ladders along with gastrovascular cavities, hemaphroditic, reproduce sexually (mostly)
Different: Planaria is part of the Tubellaria class and the Clonorchis is part of the Trematoda class
4. The ectoderm forms the skin/nervous system, the endoderm forms the lining of the digestive track, and the mesoderm forms the remaining organs along with the muscles
5. Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, excretory system made of flame cells, separate mouth/anus, can regenerate easily, very basic cephalization
6a. Bilateral symmetry
6b. Acelomate
6c. Incomplete digestive system, gastrovascular cavity with flames cells and pharynx
6d. Nerve ladder
7a. Having both male and female sex organs
7b. More organized nervous system arranged in a ladder format
7c. Cells found throughout flatworms for excretion
7d. The process by which some organisms replace amputated body parts
8. Endoparasite: Taena Free Living: Planaria
Body structure: can grow up to 20m long, thin, has a short body, more defined anterior with
scolex with hooks and suckers sense organs, pharynx (mouth)
Eyes: no yes
Nervous System: little to no nervous system nerve ladder
Digestive System: gastrovascular cavity with flame cells and pores gastrovascular cavity with flame cells and pores
absorb nutrients via host eat food with pharynx
Reproductive System: Body has many sections containing testes towards the posterior, ovaries towards the anterior
egg and sperm reproduce via fertilization and regeneration
Live Organism Results
Nematoda
Characteristics
Lab Results
Analysis
1. Vertically
2. The main nervous cord
3. There is very little evidence of sensory organs in ascaris since they are not needed for its environment (dark, confined)
4. Very little cephalization since it's not needed, is able to latch on to intestines without being digested, utilizes its host for reproduction
5.
-Host eats unwashed fruit or vegetable that has been contaminated with ascaris eggs
-Once the fruit and ascaris eggs have been ingested the larvae hatch and make their way into the blood stream
- Larvae move through the circulatory system in the alveoli in the lungs
-They trigger a cough, which moves them up and out of the lungs
-Worms are then swallowed back down into the digestive system
- Worms arrive in intestine to lay more eggs that are transferred out of the body via feces
6. Both use humans as its host, don't have an intermediate host, live in the intestine, and travel through the circulatory system
7. It starts as "itch worm" between the hosts toes. It releases a toxin that makes the host itch, so the eggs get deeper into the skin and can make their way to the blood stream. The circulatory system carries the eggs to the lungs. They cause the host to cough, so the worms can make their way out of the circulatory system and into the digestive system after being swallowed back down
8. Trichina uses an intermediate host of rats and pigs. We digest it by eating undercooked pork containing worms embedded in the muscle. The worm will then live in your muscle tissues and cause painful cysts called trichinosis
9. By cooking pork (or rat) properly before eating
10. The endoderm and mesoderm
11. The reproductive system (ovary, eggs, testes), digestive system (intestines), and excretory system (anus)
12. Free living nematodes live in soil instead of a host and are important in the ecology of the soil as decomposers
13. Advantages: Utilize their host for reproduction, easy food sources inside host, difficult to be prevented/removed, safe enclosed environment inside host (no predators), easy species dispersal
Disadvantages: Unwanted, no cephalization, can be killed off by chemicals/medicine, harmful, not important to environment
14.
2. The main nervous cord
3. There is very little evidence of sensory organs in ascaris since they are not needed for its environment (dark, confined)
4. Very little cephalization since it's not needed, is able to latch on to intestines without being digested, utilizes its host for reproduction
5.
-Host eats unwashed fruit or vegetable that has been contaminated with ascaris eggs
-Once the fruit and ascaris eggs have been ingested the larvae hatch and make their way into the blood stream
- Larvae move through the circulatory system in the alveoli in the lungs
-They trigger a cough, which moves them up and out of the lungs
-Worms are then swallowed back down into the digestive system
- Worms arrive in intestine to lay more eggs that are transferred out of the body via feces
6. Both use humans as its host, don't have an intermediate host, live in the intestine, and travel through the circulatory system
7. It starts as "itch worm" between the hosts toes. It releases a toxin that makes the host itch, so the eggs get deeper into the skin and can make their way to the blood stream. The circulatory system carries the eggs to the lungs. They cause the host to cough, so the worms can make their way out of the circulatory system and into the digestive system after being swallowed back down
8. Trichina uses an intermediate host of rats and pigs. We digest it by eating undercooked pork containing worms embedded in the muscle. The worm will then live in your muscle tissues and cause painful cysts called trichinosis
9. By cooking pork (or rat) properly before eating
10. The endoderm and mesoderm
11. The reproductive system (ovary, eggs, testes), digestive system (intestines), and excretory system (anus)
12. Free living nematodes live in soil instead of a host and are important in the ecology of the soil as decomposers
13. Advantages: Utilize their host for reproduction, easy food sources inside host, difficult to be prevented/removed, safe enclosed environment inside host (no predators), easy species dispersal
Disadvantages: Unwanted, no cephalization, can be killed off by chemicals/medicine, harmful, not important to environment
14.
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