Plants
How the alteration of generations life cycle functions
All plants undergo a life cycle that takes them through both haploid and diploid generations. The multicellular diploid plant structure is called the sporophyte, which produces haploid spores through meiosis. The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which produces gametes for fertilization. Once fertilization occurs a diploid zygote will grow through mitosis into a multicellular diploid sporophyte. After that, the cycle will repeat once again. These diploid and haploid stages of reproduction is called the alternation of generations. The way in which the alternation of generations occurs in plants depends on the type of plant.
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Characteristics found in Byrophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, and Angiospermea
Bryophyta:
-Non-vascular -No water transport system -No true roots, leaves, or seeds -Flagellated sperm -Life cycle dominated by haploid gametophyte stage -Spores for reproduction -Water needed for reproduction -Include mosses and liverworts -Believed to be the first land plants -Dioecious |
Pteridophyta:
-Vascular tissue, but not in their hyphae or fronds -Xylem and phloem -Leaves -No true roots, called hyphae -Flagellated sperm -Life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage Fragile gametophyte, called a prothallus -Spores for reproduction -Water needed for reproduction -Include ferns -Do not produce seeds -Monoecious |
Gymnospermae:
-Sporophyte stage is very dominant -Vascular -Xylem and phloem -Heterospory -Naked seeds (no fruit) -Pollen (contains male gametophyte) spreads through wind and animals -True roots -Water is not needed for reproduction -Monoecious -Leaves modified into needles to decrease water loss -Resins inside act as a natural antifreeze -Include conifers -Female and male cones |
Angiospermea:
-Has leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and fruit -Angiosperm flowers vector pollinated -Stomata open to allow CO2 entry -Stems responsible for conducting materials up/down the plant, orienting leaves to the sun, providing structural rigidity to the plant, and growth of the plant in height/width -Roots function to absorb water and minerals as well to anchor the plant -Flowers act to attract a pollinator -True roots -Monoecious -Seeds act as protection and nutrients for embryo -Monocots (1 cotyledon) and dicots (2 cotyledon) -Female and male flower parts (stamen is male, carpel is female) -Roses, apple trees, raspberry bushes, etc |
Compare and contrast the life cycles of the 4 plant types
Bryophyte and Pteridophyte
Bryophyte: Gametophyte dominated life cycle, dioecious
Pteridophyte: Sporophyte dominated life cycle, monoecious Both: Alteration of generations, use spores, need water for reproduction, diploid zygote results from fertilization, male and female structures, flagellated sperm |
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Bryophyte and Gymnosperm
Bryophyte: Gametophyte dominated life cycle, spores, water needed for reproduction, dioecious
Gymnosperm: Sporophyte dominated life cycle, pollen, wind for pollination, monoecious, naked seeds
Both: Alteration of generations, diploid zygote results from fertilization, male and female structures
Gymnosperm: Sporophyte dominated life cycle, pollen, wind for pollination, monoecious, naked seeds
Both: Alteration of generations, diploid zygote results from fertilization, male and female structures
Bryophyte and Angiosperm
Bryophyte: Gametophyte dominated life cycle, spores, water needed for reproduction, dioecious
Angiosperm: Sporophyte dominated life cycle, pollen, fully covered seeds, monoecious, vector pollination, flowers/fruit
Both: Alteration of generations, diploid zygote results from fertilization, male and female structures
Angiosperm: Sporophyte dominated life cycle, pollen, fully covered seeds, monoecious, vector pollination, flowers/fruit
Both: Alteration of generations, diploid zygote results from fertilization, male and female structures
Pteridophyte and Gymnosperm
Pteridophyte: Spores, water needed for reproduction
Gymnosperm: Pollen, naked seeds, wind for pollination
Both: Sporophyte dominated life cycle, monoecious, alteration of generations, diploid zygote results from fertilization, male and female structures
Gymnosperm: Pollen, naked seeds, wind for pollination
Both: Sporophyte dominated life cycle, monoecious, alteration of generations, diploid zygote results from fertilization, male and female structures
Pteridophyte and Angiosperm
Pteridophyte: Spores, water needed for reproduction
Angiosperm: Fully covered seeds, pollen, flowers/fruit, vector pollination
Both: Sporophyte dominated life cycle, monoecious, alteration of generations, diploid zygote results from fertilization, male and female structures
Angiosperm: Fully covered seeds, pollen, flowers/fruit, vector pollination
Both: Sporophyte dominated life cycle, monoecious, alteration of generations, diploid zygote results from fertilization, male and female structures
Gymnosperm and Angiosperm
Gymnosperm: Naked seeds, wind for pollination
Angiosperm: Fully covered seeds, vector pollination, flowers/fruit
Both: Alteration of generations, sporophyte dominated life cycle, pollen, some type of seeds, monoecious, diploid zygote results from fertilization, male and female structures
Angiosperm: Fully covered seeds, vector pollination, flowers/fruit
Both: Alteration of generations, sporophyte dominated life cycle, pollen, some type of seeds, monoecious, diploid zygote results from fertilization, male and female structures
Levels of organization in plants
Cells: Plants have eukaryotic cells similar to animal cells
Tissues: Plants have vascular tissue, xylem and phloem throughout the plant make up the vascular tissue system. They allow water and other nutrients to be transported throughout the plant. Xylem transports water from the roots to the shoots, phloem transports photosynthetic products from the shoots to the roots Organs: Plants have four major organs; the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. The function of the roots is to absorb water/minerals and also anchor the plant. The stem conducts materials up/down the plant, orients the leaves to the sun, provides structural rigidity, and helps the plant grow in height/width. The function of the leaves is to perform photosynthesis. Stomata's are also found on the leaves, they allow CO2 gas exchange depending on the amount of water available. The function of flowers is to attract a pollinator Organ systems: A plant has two organ systems, the shoot and the root system. The shoot system is above ground and includes the organs such as the leaves, stems, flowers, and fruit. The root system includes the parts of the plant that are below ground, such as the roots |
The Amazing Plant Race
Results of the algae, bryophyta, and pteridophyta lab
Analysis
1. We viewed chlamydomonas, spirogyra, volvox, and ulva. I knew which form each specimen was due to if it was unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
2. Antheridium: male gametophyte found in both bryophytes and pteridophytes. Haploid, and dominant in bryophytes, produces motile sperm by mitosis
Archegonium: female gametophyte that is also haploid and dominant in bryophytes. Produced by mitosis and contains the eggs
3. Bryophytes: dominant gametophyte, non-vascular, dioecious
Pteridophytes: dominant sporophyte, vascular, monoecious
Both: seedless, alteration of generations, flagellated sperm, needs water for reproduction, uses spores
4. Prothallus: very small fern gametophyte that is haploid and produces gametes
2. Antheridium: male gametophyte found in both bryophytes and pteridophytes. Haploid, and dominant in bryophytes, produces motile sperm by mitosis
Archegonium: female gametophyte that is also haploid and dominant in bryophytes. Produced by mitosis and contains the eggs
3. Bryophytes: dominant gametophyte, non-vascular, dioecious
Pteridophytes: dominant sporophyte, vascular, monoecious
Both: seedless, alteration of generations, flagellated sperm, needs water for reproduction, uses spores
4. Prothallus: very small fern gametophyte that is haploid and produces gametes